In the intricate tapestry of Hindu tradition, there exists a fascinating and often overlooked thread – the Devadasis, or the temple dancers. These women, dedicated to the deities of Hindu temples, embodied a unique blend of spirituality, art, and culture that is both captivating and deeply rooted in history.
To understand the Devadasis, one must delve into the medieval period when this tradition flourished. These dancers were not merely performers but were integral to the religious services in temples across India. Their role was to appease the gods through their dance, music, and poetry, earning them the name “Devadasis,” or “servants of the gods.”
In ancient India, Devadasis were highly respected and well-versed in various arts. They were adept in Sahitya (literature), Sangeetha (music), and Shastras (scriptures). Their knowledge extended to Alankara Shastra, the science of ornamentation, making them complete artists. These women were economically independent, managing their own finances, a rare privilege for women of their time. They passed down their art from mother to daughter, creating a lineage of skilled performers who were also custodians of sacred rituals and cultural heritage.
The initiation of a Devadasi was a significant event, marked by rituals such as the Gejje Puje or Salangai Puje, where the aspiring dancer would be trained and eventually dedicated to the temple. This process involved approval from the king, signed recommendations from ten Devadasis and ten priests, highlighting the respect and gravity with which this profession was regarded.
One of the lesser-known aspects of the Devadasi tradition is their connection to royalty and their social status. Historically, some Devadasis were accepted as wives by kings due to their intellect, beauty, and artistic prowess. For example, Natyarani Shanthale, a Jain sect dancer, became the main queen of King Vishnuwardhana after he was enchanted by her dance. Her sculpture still adorns the Belur temple in Karnataka, a testament to her significance.
The Devadasis’ art form was more than just entertainment; it was a medium to convey mythology, spiritual stories, and divine communication. Their dances, often accompanied by musicians known as Nattuvanars, were intricate performances that included abhinaya (the lyrical communication of narrative and character) and nritta (pure form). These elements were crucial in bringing the divine and the mundane closer, reflecting the Hindu worldview where the religious and the carnal are intertwined.
The decline of the Devadasi tradition is a complex and tragic tale. With the advent of British colonial rule, the Devadasi system faced severe criticism and eventual prohibition. The Indian Theosophical Society and other reformists, influenced by Victorian morality, viewed the tradition as degrading and shameful. This led to laws being passed in 1947 that banned all activities associated with the Devadasi communities, leaving many without a living and forcing some into prostitution.
Despite this decline, the legacy of the Devadasis continues to influence contemporary Indian art and spirituality. Dancers like Tanjore Balasaraswati, who came from the Devadasi tradition of Tamil Nadu, are celebrated for their contributions to Bharatanatyam. Balasaraswati’s career is a testament to the enduring power of this tradition; she was the first exponent of Bharatanatyam to perform it in other parts of India and internationally, earning accolades from renowned dancers like Margot Fonteyn and Merce Cunningham.
Today, efforts are being made to revive and respect the Devadasi tradition. Dancers like Swapnasundari are working to restore the status and dignity of Devadasis, advocating for better wages and the inclusion of married women in temple performances. This movement aims to reclaim the original spirit of the Devadasi tradition, where dance was a harmonious part of temple worship and a celebration of love and spirituality.
The story of the Devadasis is also one of resilience and cultural evolution. Despite facing stigma and societal changes, the art forms developed by these women have adapted and thrived. Bharatanatyam, Odissi, and other classical dances that originated from the Devadasi tradition are now performed by people of all genders and castes, receiving global acclaim. However, the surviving members of Devadasi families still face challenges in reclaiming their heritage, highlighting the need for greater recognition and support.
In reflecting on the Devadasi tradition, it becomes clear that these women were not just dancers but guardians of a rich cultural and spiritual heritage. Their lives and art forms offer a unique window into the complexities of Hindu tradition, where spirituality, art, and culture are deeply intertwined. As we look back at their stories, we are reminded of the importance of preserving and honoring our cultural roots, even as we move forward in a rapidly changing world.
The personal stories of Devadasis, such as Parasmani, who refused to teach the tradition due to the meager wages offered by the temple, underscore the human side of this historical narrative. These women were not just figures of the past but individuals with dreams, aspirations, and struggles. Their stories serve as a reminder that cultural heritage is not just about grand narratives but also about the everyday lives and contributions of individuals like the Devadasis.
In contemporary times, the Devadasi tradition continues to inspire artists and spiritual seekers. The connection between dance and spirituality, as embodied by the Devadasis, remains a powerful force in Indian culture. As we explore this tradition, we are invited to appreciate the beauty and depth of Hinduism, where every aspect of life – from the sacred rituals to the everyday performances – is infused with a sense of divine presence.
The journey of the Devadasis is a testament to the enduring power of art and spirituality. Despite the challenges and controversies, their legacy continues to dance beyond the sacred, touching hearts and minds across generations. As we delve into their world, we find a rich tapestry of stories, traditions, and art forms that remind us of the profound impact these women had on Hindu culture and beyond.
